What is a change to DNA that can lead to new alleles called?

A change to DNA that can lead to new alleles is referred to as a mutation. Mutations are alterations in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA, which can occur due to various factors such as errors during DNA replication, exposure to radiation, or chemical agents. When mutations affect the coding regions of genes, they can lead to changes in the protein that the gene encodes, potentially resulting in new traits that contribute to genetic variation within a population.

This genetic variation is crucial for evolution, as it provides the raw material for natural selection. The introduction of new alleles through mutations can affect an organism's phenotype and influence its adaptability to environmental changes. In contrast, gene transfer involves the movement of genetic material between organisms, recombination refers to the mixing of genetic material during sexual reproduction, and transcription is the process of converting DNA into RNA, none of which directly result in the creation of new alleles.