What role do B cells play in the immune response?

B cells are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, specifically known for their role in the humoral immune response. When B cells encounter a specific antigen—such as a pathogen's protein— they become activated. Upon activation, they differentiate into plasma cells, which are responsible for producing large quantities of antibodies. These antibodies are proteins that specifically bind to the antigen, neutralizing the pathogen or marking it for destruction by other cells of the immune system.

The ability of B cells to produce antibodies that are highly specific to distinct antigens is fundamental to the immune response, as it allows for targeted attacks against pathogens. This specificity not only helps eliminate current infections but also plays a key role in developing immunological memory, enabling the body to respond more swiftly and effectively to future infections by the same pathogen.

While some other immune cells participate in capturing pathogens and initiating inflammatory responses, the unique function of B cells in antibody production directly distinguishes them in the immune response.