Which process is critical for the formation of gametes?

Meiosis is the process that is critical for the formation of gametes, which are the reproductive cells (sperm and eggs in animals). This specialized form of cell division reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four non-identical daughter cells, each with a single set of chromosomes. This is essential for sexual reproduction, as it ensures that when gametes fuse during fertilization, the resulting zygote has the correct diploid chromosome number.

By generating genetic diversity through processes such as crossing over and independent assortment, meiosis contributes to the variation seen in offspring, which can enhance survival and adaptation. The unique characteristics of gametes formed through meiosis, in contrast to somatic cells produced by mitosis, are foundational for sexual reproduction.